AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 34, Issue 5, Supplement , Pages S3-S10 , June 2006

Mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria

  • Fred C. Tenover, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationReprint requests: Fred C. Tenover, PhD, Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30333.

References 

  1. Krause RM. The origin of plagues: old and new. Science. 1992;257:1073–1078
  2. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System Report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:470–485
  3. Chambers HF. The changing epidemiology of Staphylococcus aureus?. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:178–182
  4. Edmond MB, Wallace SE, McClish DK, Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Wenzel RP. Nosocomial bloodstream infections in United States hospitals: a 3-year analysis. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;29:239–244
  5. Jones RN, Kirby JT, Beach ML, Biedenbach DJ, Pfaller MA. Geographic variations in activity of broad-spectrum beta-lactams against Pseudomonas aeruginosa: summary of the worldwide SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (1997–2000). Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;43:239–243
  6. Karlowsky JA, Draghi DC, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Friedland IR, Sahm DF. Surveillance for antimicrobial susceptibility among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter baumannii from hospitalized patients in the United States, 1998 to 2001. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2003;47:1681–1688
  7. Martone WJ. Spread of vancomycin-resistant enterococci: why did it happen in the United States?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1998;19:539–545
  8. Kang CI, Kim SH, Park WB, et al. Bloodstream infections caused by antibiotic-resistant gram-negative bacilli: risk factors for mortality and impact of inappropriate initial antimicrobial therapy on outcome. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2005;49:760–766
  9. Ibrahim EH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ, Kollef MH. The influence of inadequate antimicrobial treatment of bloodstream infections on patient outcomes in the ICU setting. Chest. 2000;118:146–155
  10. Tenover FC, Weigel LM, Appelbaum PC, et al. Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolate from a patient in Pennsylvania. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:275–280
  11. Stevenson KB. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in rural communities, Western United States. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:895–903
  12. Pitout JD, Hanson ND, Church DL, Laupland KB. Population-based laboratory surveillance for Escherichia coli-producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases: importance of community isolates with blaCTX-M genes. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:1736–1741
  13. Woodford N, Ward ME, Kaufmann ME, et al. Community and hospital spread of Escherichia coli producing CTX-M extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the UK. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2004;54:735–743
  14. Francis JS, Doherty MC, Lopatin U, et al. Severe community-onset pneumonia in healthy adults caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying the Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:100–107
  15. Herold BC, Immergluck LC, Maranan MC, et al. Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in children with no identified predisposing risk. JAMA. 1998;279:593–598
  16. McGowan JE. Economic impact of antimicrobial resistance. Emerg Infect Dis. 2001;7:286–292
  17. Neu HC. The crisis in antibiotic resistance. Science. 1992;257:1064–1073
  18. McManus MC. Mechanisms of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents. Am J Health Syst Pharm. 1997;54:1420–1433
  19. Drlica K, Zhao X. DNA gyrase, topoisomerase IV, and the 4-quinolones. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev. 1997;61:377–392
  20. Yao J, Moellering RJ. Antibacterial agents. In:  Murray PR,  Baron EJ,  Jorgensen JH,  Pfaller MA,  Yolken RH editor. Manual of clinical microbiology. 8th ed.. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 2003;p. 1039–1073
  21. Petri WAJ. Antimicrobial agents: sulfonamides, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, quinolones, and agents for urinary tract infections. In:  Brunton LL,  Lazo JS,  Parker KL editor. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of therapeutics. 11th ed.. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2006;p. 1111–1126
  22. Storm DR, Rosenthal KS, Swanson PE. Polymyxin and related peptide antibiotics. Annu Rev Biochem. 1977;46:723–763
  23. Carpenter CF, Chambers HF. Daptomycin: another novel agent for treating infections due to drug-resistant gram-positive pathogens. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;38:994–1000
  24. Landgren M, Oden H, Kuhn I, Osterlund A, Kahlmeter G. Diversity among 2481 Escherichia coli from women with community-acquired lower urinary tract infections in 17 countries. J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:928–937
  25. Karlowsky JA, Kelly LJ, Thornsberry C, Jones ME, Sahm DF. Trends in antimicrobial resistance among urinary tract infection isolates of Escherichia coli from female outpatients in the United States. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:2540–2545
  26. Allen UD, MacDonald N, Fuite L, Chan F, Stephens D. Risk factors for resistance to “first-line” antimicrobials among urinary tract isolates of Escherichia coli in children. CMAJ. 1999;160:1436–1440
  27. Rupp ME, Fey PD. Extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Enterobacteriaceae: considerations for diagnosis, prevention and drug treatment. Drugs. 2003;63:353–365
  28. Bradford PA. Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in the 21st century: characterization, epidemiology, and detection of this important resistance threat. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2001;14:933–951
  29. Paterson DL, Rossi F, Baquero F, et al. In vitro susceptibilities of aerobic and facultative Gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with intra-abdominal infections worldwide: the 2003 Study for Monitoring Antimicrobial Resistance Trends (SMART). J Antimicrob Chemother. 2005;55:965–973
  30. Rasheed JK, Jay C, Metchock B, et al. Evolution of extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistance (SHV-8) in a strain of Escherichia coli during multiple episodes of bacteremia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1997;41:647–653
  31. Ananthan S, Subha A. Cefoxitin resistance mediated by loss of a porin in clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Escherichia coli. Indian J Med Microbiol. 2005;23:20–23
  32. Clarke B, Hiltz M, Musgrave H, Forward KR. Cephamycin resistance in clinical isolates and laboratory-derived strains of Escherichia coli, Nova Scotia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:1254–1259
  33. Oliver A, Weigel LM, Rasheed JK, McGowan JE, Raney P, Tenover FC. Mechanisms of decreased susceptibility to cefpodoxime in Escherichia coli. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2002;46:3829–3836
  34. Martinez-Martinez L, Conejo MC, Pascual A, et al. Activities of imipenem and cephalosporins against clonally related strains of Escherichia coli hyperproducing chromosomal beta-lactamase and showing altered porin profiles. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:2534–2536
  35. Harder KJ, Nikaido H, Matsuhashi M. Mutants of Escherichia coli that are resistant to certain beta-lactam compounds lack the ompF porin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1981;20:549–552
  36. Hiramatsu K, Hanaki H, Ino T, Yabuta K, Oguri T, Tenover FC. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strain with reduced vancomycin susceptibility. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1997;40:135–136
  37. Fridkin SK. Vancomycin-intermediate and -resistant Staphylococcus aureus: what the infectious disease specialist needs to know. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;32:108–115
  38. Hanaki H, Kuwahara-Arai K, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS, Labischinski H, Hiramatsu K. Activated cell-wall synthesis is associated with vancomycin resistance in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clinical strains Mu3 and Mu50. J Antimicrob Chemother. 1998;42:199–209
  39. Cui L, Murakami H, Kuwahara-Arai K, Hanaki H, Hiramatsu K. Contribution of a thickened cell wall and its glutamine nonamidated component to the vancomycin resistance expressed by Staphylococcus aureus Mu50. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2000;44:2276–2285
  40. Noble WC, Virani Z, Cree RG. Co-transfer of vancomycin and other resistance genes from Enterococcus faecalis NCTC 12201 to Staphylococcus aureus. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1992;93:195–198
  41. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) . Staphylococcus aureus resistant to vancomycin—United States, 2002. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002;51:565–567
  42. Chang S, Sievert DM, Hageman JC, et al. Infection with vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus containing the vanA resistance gene. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1342–1347
  43. Weigel LM, Clewell DB, Gill SR, et al. Genetic analysis of a high-level vancomycin-resistant isolate of Staphylococcus aureus. Science. 2003;302:1569–1571
  44. Okuma K, Iwakawa K, Turnidge JD, et al. Dissemination of new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones in the community. J Clin Microbiol. 2002;40:4289–4294
  45. Severin A, Tabei K, Tenover F, Chung M, Clarke N, Tomasz A. High level oxacillin and vancomycin resistance and altered cell wall composition in Staphylococcus aureus carrying the staphylococcal mecA and the enterococcal vanA gene complex. J Biol Chem. 2004;279:3398–3407
  46. Perichon B, Courvalin P. Heterologous expression of the enterococcal vanA operon in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2004;48:4281–4285
  47. Karlowsky JA, Jones ME, Thornsberry C, Evangelista AT, Yee YC, Sahm DF. Stable antimicrobial susceptibility rates for clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa from the 2001-2003 Tracking Resistance in the United States Today Surveillance studies. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40(suppl 2):S89–S98
  48. Schweizer HP. Efflux as a mechanism of resistance to antimicrobials in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and related bacteria: unanswered questions. Genet Mol Res. 2003;2:48–62
  49. Poole K, Srikumar R. Multidrug efflux in Pseudomonas aeruginosa: components, mechanisms, and clinical significance. Curr Top Med Chem. 2001;1:59–71

PII: S0196-6553(06)00836-4

doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2006.05.219

AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 34, Issue 5, Supplement , Pages S3-S10 , June 2006

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution