AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 36, Issue 4, Supplement , Pages S93-S100 , May 2008

Epidemiology, etiology, and diagnosis of hospital-acquired pneumonia and ventilator-associated pneumonia in Asian countries

  • Rajesh Chawla, MD

      Affiliations

    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Rajesh Chawla, MD, Department of Respiratory & Critical Care Medicine, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, 270 Dayanand Vihar, Delhi 110092, India.

References 

  1. Mandell LA, Campbell GD. Nosocomial pneumonia guidelines: an international perspective. Chest. 1998;113:188S–193S
  2. Chinsky KD. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Is there any gold in these standards?. Chest. 2002;122:1883–1885
  3. Hughes AJ, Ariffin N, Huat TL, Abdul Molok HM, Hashim S, Sarijo J. Prevalence of nosocomial infection and antibiotic use at a university medical center in Malaysia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:100–104
  4. Luo B, Huang Y, Qiu W, Wu ES. A prospective study on etiologic bacteria in 200 patients with pneumonia. Hunan Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 1998;23:453–457
  5. American Thoracic Society and Infectious Disease Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital-acquired, ventilator-associated, and healthcare-associated pneumonia. Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2005;171:318–416
  6. Liu MD, Cheng P. Analysis of nosocomial infection in hospitalized critical and serious patients. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 1995;16:231–233[in Chinese]
  7. Zhang Y. A two-year prospective survey on nosocomial infections. Zhongua Yi Xue Za Zhi. 1991;71:253–256[in Chinese]
  8. Merchant M, Karnad DR, Kanbur AA. Incidence of nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit and general medical ward patients in a public hospital in Bombay India. J Hosp Infect. 1998;39:143–148
  9. Kim JM, Park ES, Jeong JS, Kim KM, Kim JM, Oh HS, et al. Multicenter surveillance study for nosocomial infections in major hospitals in Korea. Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Committee of the Korean Society for Nosocomial Infection Control. Am J Infect Control. 2000;28:454–458
  10. Rozaidi SW, Sukro J, Dan A. The incidence of nosocomial infection in the intensive care unit, Hospital Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia: ICU-acquired nosocomial infection surveillance program, 1998–1999. Med J Malaysia. 2001;56:207–222
  11. Stebbings AE, Ti TY, Tan WC. Hospital acquired pneumonia in the medical intensive care unit: a prospective study. Singapore Med J. 1999;40:508–512
  12. Bumroongkit C, Liwsrisakun C, Deesomchok A, Theerakittikul T, Pothirat C. Efficacy of weaning protocol in medical intensive care unit of a tertiary care center. J Med Assoc Thai. 2005;88:52–57
  13. Trivedi T, Shejale SB, Yeolekar ME. Nosocomial pneumonia in a medical intensive care unit. J Assoc Physicians India. 2000;48:1070–1073
  14. Johan A. The diagnosis of nosocomial pneumonia. Singapore Med J. 1999;40:498–499
  15. Wang FD, Chen YY, Liu CY. Prevalence of nosocomial respiratory tract infections in the surgical intensive care units of a medical center. Zhonghua Yi Xue Za Zhi (Taipei). 1998;61:589–595
  16. Thongpiyapoom S, Narong MN, Suwalak N, Jamulitrat S, Intaraksa P, Boonrat J, et al. Device-associated infections and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in a medical-surgical intensive care unit in a university hospital in Thailand. J Med Assoc Thai. 2004;87:819–824
  17. Petdachai W. Ventilator-associated pneumonia in a newborn intensive care unit. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 2004;35:724–729
  18. Rakshit P, Nagar VS, Deshpande AK. Incidence, clinical outcome and risk stratification of ventilator-associated pneumonia: a prospective cohort study. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2005;9(4):211–216
  19. Thanamee N, Sujaritjan N, Techasena W. Pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients in Nan hospital intensive care unit. J Med Assoc Thai. 1995;78(Suppl 2):S102–S104
  20. Mukhopadhyay C, Bhargava A, Ayyagari A. Role of mechanical ventilation and development of multidrug resistant organisms in hospital acquired pneumonia. Indian J Med Res. 2003;118:229–235
  21. Hou SR, Xu XJ, Yi P. Nosocomial pneumonia: a report of 372 cases. Zhonghua Nei Ke Za Zhi. 1992;31:338–340[in Chinese]
  22. Saenghirunvattana S, Charoenpan P, Kiatboonsri S, Aeursudkij B. Nosocomial pneumonias in Thailand. Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health. 1994;25:332–334
  23. Zhou P, He H, Liu JD, Wu XH. Impact of clinically related factors on the outcomes of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi. 2003;24:216–219[in Chinese]
  24. Prasanth K, Badrinath S. Nosocomial infections due to Acinetobacter species: clinical findings, risk and prognostic factors. Indian J Crit Care Med. 2006;24(1):39–44
  25. Kollef MH, Sherman G, Ward S, Fraser VJ. Inadequate antimicrobial treatment of infections: a risk factor for hospital mortality among critically ill patients. Chest. 1999;115:462–474
  26. Luna CM, Vujacich P, Niederman MS, Vay C, Gherardi C, Matera J, et al. Impact of BAL data on the therapy and outcome of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 1997;111:676–685
  27. Torres A, El-Ebiary M. Bronchoscopic BAL in the diagnosis of ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2000;117:198S–202S
  28. Campbell GD. Blinded invasive diagnostic procedures in ventilator-associated pneumonia. Chest. 2000;117:207S–211S
  29. Chastre J, Fagon JY. Ventilator-associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;165:867–903
  30. Celis R, Torres A, Gatell JM, Almela M, Rodriguez-Roisin R, Agusti-Vidal A. Nosocomial pneumonia: a multivariate analysis of risk and prognosis. Chest. 1988;93:318–324
  31. Torres A, Aznar R, Gatell JM, Jimenez P, Gonzalez J, Ferrer A, et al. Incidence, risk, and prognosis factors of nosocomial pneumonia in mechanically ventilated patients. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1990;142:523–528

PII: S0196-6553(07)00715-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2007.05.011

AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 36, Issue 4, Supplement , Pages S93-S100 , May 2008