AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 37, Issue 4 , Pages 263-270 , May 2009

National point prevalence of Clostridium difficile in US health care facility inpatients, 2008

  • William R. Jarvis, MD

      Affiliations

    • Jason and Jarvis Associates, Hilton Head Island, SC
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to William R. Jarvis, MD, 135 Dune Lane, Hilton Head Island, SC 29928.
    • ,
  • JoAnn Schlosser

      Affiliations

    • Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc, Washington, DC
    • ,
  • Ashley A. Jarvis

      Affiliations

    • California State University-Sacramento, Sacramento, CA
    • ,
  • Raymond Y. Chinn, MD

      Affiliations

    • Sharp Memorial Hospital, San Diego, CA

References 

  1. Hall IC, O'Toole E. Intestinal flora in newborn infants: with a description of a new pathogenic anaerobe, Bacillus difficilis. Am J Dis Child. 1935;49:390–402
  2. Bartlett JG. Clinical practice: antibiotic-associated diarrhea. N Eng J Med. 2002;346:334–339
  3. Archibald LK, Banerjee SN, Jarvis WR. Secular trends in hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile disease in the United States. J Infect Dis. 2004;189:1585–1589
  4. McDonald LC, Owings M, Jernigan JB. Clostridium difficile infection in patients discharged from US short-stay hospitals, 1996-2003. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:409–415
  5. Elixhauser A, Jhung M. Clostridium difficile-associated disease in US hospitals, 1993-2005. HCUP statistical brief No. 50, April 2008. US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality, Rockville, MD. Available at: http://www.hcup-us.ahrq.gov/reports/statbriefs.sb50.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2009.
  6. McDonald LC, Kilgore GE, Thompson A, Owens RC, Kazakova SV, Sambol SP, et al. An epidemic, toxin gene-variant strain of Clostridium difficile. N Eng J Med. 2005;353:2433–2441
  7. Muto CA, Pokrywka M, Shutt K, Mendelsohn AB, Nouri K, Posey K, et al. A large outbreak of Clostridium difficile-associated disease with an unexpected proportion of deaths and colectomies at a teaching hospital following increased fluoroquinolone use. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2005;26:273–280
  8. Kelly CP, LaMont JT. Clostridium difficile—more difficult than ever. N Eng J Med. 2008;359:1932–1940
  9. McDonald LC, Coignard C, Dubberke E, Song X, Horan T, Kutty PK, et al. Recommendations for surveillance of Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:140–145
  10. American Hospital Association . AHA hospital statistics 2008. Chicago, IL: AHA; 2007;
  11. Dubberke ER, Reske KA, McDonald LC, Fraser VJ. ICD-9 codes and surveillance for Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Emerg Infect Dis. 2006;12:1576–1579
  12. McFarland LV, Clarridge JE, Beneda HW, Raugi GJ. Fluoroquinolone use and risk factors for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in a Veterans Administration health care system. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45:1141–1151
  13. Planche T, Aghaizu A, Holliman R, Riley P, Poloniechi J, Breathnach A, et al. Diagnosis of Clostridium difficile infection by toxin detection kits: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2008;8:777–784
  14. Vanpoucke H, De Baere T, Clauys G, Vaneechoutte M, Verschraegen G. Evaluation of six commercial assays for the rapid detection of Clostridium difficile toxin and/or antigen in stool specimens. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2001;7:55–64
  15. Delmee M, Van Broeck J, Simon A, Janssens M, Avesani V. Laboratory diagnosis of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea: a plea for culture. J Med Microbiol. 2005;54:187–191
  16. Nuila F, Cadle RM, Logan N, Musher DM. Members of the infectious disease section of the Michael DeBakey VA Medical Center. Antibiotic stewardship and Clostridium difficile-associated disease. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2008;29:1096–1097
  17. Sehulster L, Chinn RYW. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Healthcare Infection Control Practices (HICPAC) guidelines for environmental infection control in health-care facilities, 2003. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/guidelines/Enviro_guide_03.pdf. Accessed February 16, 2009.
  18. Boyce JM, Pittet D. Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee and the HICPAC/SHEA/APIC/IDSA Hand Hygiene Task Force. Guideline for hand hygiene in healthcare settings, 2002. Available at: http://www.cdc.gov/nciDOD/dhqp/gl_handhygiene.html. Accessed February 16, 2009
  19. Kyne L, Hamel MB, Polavaram R, Kelly CP. Health care cost and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. Clin Infect Dis. 2002;34:346–353
  20. Dubberke ER, Wertheimer AI. Review of current literature on the economic burden of Clostridium difficile infection. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2009;30:57–66
  21. Dubberke ER, Butler AM, Reske KA, Agniel D, Olsen MA, D'Angelo G, et al. Attributable outcomes in Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical patients. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1031–1038
  22. Dubberke ER, Reske KA, Olsen MA, McDonald LC, Fraser VJ. Short- and long-term attributable costs of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in nonsurgical inpatients. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:497–504
  23. Lawrence SJ, Puzniak LA, Shadel BN, Gillespie KN, Kollef MH, Mundy LM. Clostridium difficile in intensive care unit: epidemiology, costs, and colonization pressure. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:123–130
  24. Vonberg RP, Reichardt C, Behnke M, Schwab F, Zindler S, Gastmeier P. Costs of nosocomial Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. J Hosp Infect. 2008;70:15–20
  25. Zilberberg MD. Clostridium difficile-related hospitalizations among US adults, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis. 2009;15:122–124
  26. Kenneally C, Rosini JM, Skrupky LP, Doherty JA, Hollands JM, Martinez E, et al. Analysis of 30-day mortality for Clostridium difficile-associated disease in the ICU setting. Chest. 2007;132:418–424
  27. Dubberke ER, Gerding DN, Classen D, Arias KM, Podgorny K, Anderson DJ, et al. Strategies to prevent Clostridium difficile infections in acute care hospitals. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiology. 2008;29:S81–S92

 Supported by the APIC Scientific Research Council (previously the Research Foundation) and the APIC.

 This study was presented at the 2008 APIC Clostridium difficile meeting, Orlando, FL.

 Conflicts of interest: None to report.

PII: S0196-6553(09)00041-8

doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.01.001

AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 37, Issue 4 , Pages 263-270 , May 2009

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution