AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 38, Issue 2 , Pages 112-120 , March 2010

Surgical site infections: Causative pathogens and associated outcomes

  • John A. Weigelt, MD, DVM

      Affiliations

    • Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to John A. Weigelt, MD, DVM, Department of Surgery, Division of Trauma/Critical Care, 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53226.
    • ,
  • Benjamin A. Lipsky, MD

      Affiliations

    • VA Puget Sound Health Care System and University of Washington, Seattle, WA
    • ,
  • Ying P. Tabak, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Cardinal Health Clinical Research Services, Marlborough, MA
    • ,
  • Karen G. Derby, BA

      Affiliations

    • Cardinal Health Clinical Research Services, Marlborough, MA
    • ,
  • Myoung Kim, PhD

      Affiliations

    • Ortho-McNeil Janssen Scientific Affairs, LLC, Raritan, NJ
    • ,
  • Vikas Gupta, PharmD, BCPS

      Affiliations

    • Cardinal Health Clinical Research Services, Marlborough, MA

References 

  1. Bratzler DW, Hunt DR. The surgical infection prevention and surgical care improvement projects: national initiatives to improve outcomes for patients having surgery. Clin Infect Dis. 2006;43:322–330
  2. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) System report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004. Am J Infect Control 32:470-485.
  3. Kirkland KB, Briggs JP, Trivette SL, Wilkinson WE, Sexton DJ. The impact of surgical-site infections in the 1990s: attributable mortality, excess length of hospitalization, and extra costs. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20:725–730
  4. Martone WJ, Nichols RL. Recognition, prevention, surveillance, and management of surgical site infections: introduction to the problem and symposium overview. Clin Infect Dis. 2001;33(Suppl 2):S67–S68
  5. Engemann JJ, Carmeli Y, Cosgrove SE, Fowler VG, Bronstein MZ, Trivette SL, et al. Adverse clinical and economic outcomes attributable to methicillin resistance among patients with Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infection. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;36:592–598
  6. Fry DE. The surgical infection prevention project: processes, outcomes, and future impact. Surg Infect. 2006;7(Suppl 3):S17–S26
  7. Klein E, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R. Hospitalizations and deaths caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, United States, 1999-2005. Emerg Infect Dis. 2007;13:1840–1846
  8. Weigelt JA, Dryer D, Haley RW. The necessity and efficiency of wound surveillance after discharge. Arch Surg. 1992;127:77–81
  9. Fine MJ, Auble TE, Yealy DM, Hanusa BH, Weissfeld LA, Singer DE, et al. A prediction rule to identify low-risk patients with community-acquired pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 1997;336:243–250
  10. Lipsky BA, Weigelt JA, Gupta V, Killian A, Peng MM. Skin, soft tissue, bone, and joint infections in hospitalized patients: epidemiology and microbiological, clinical, and economic outcomes. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2007;28:1290–1298
  11. Tabak YP, Johannes RS, Silber JH. Using automated clinical data for risk adjustment: development and validation of six disease-specific mortality predictive models for pay-for-performance. Med Care. 2007;45:789–805
  12. Department of Health and Human Services. ICD-9 CM expert. Volume 25. Salt Lake City, UT: Ingenix; 2007.
  13. Duan N. Smearing estimate: a nonparametric retransformation method. J Am Stat Assoc. 1983;78:605–610
  14. Perencevich EN, Sands KE, Cosgrove SE, Guadagnoli E, Meara E, Platt R. Health and economic impact of surgical site infections diagnosed after hospital discharge. Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:196–203
  15. Patel M, Kumar RA, Stamm AM, Hoesley CJ, Moser SA, Waites KB. USA300 genotype community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as a cause of surgical site infections. J Clin Microbiol. 2007;45:3431–3433
  16. Guyot A, Layer G. MRSA—“bug-bear” of a surgical practice: reducing the incidence of MRSA surgical site infections. Ann R Coll Surg Engl. 2006;88:222–223
  17. Rubin RJ, Harrington CA, Poon A, Dietrich K, Greene JA, Moiduddin A. The economic impact of Staphylococcus aureus infection in New York City hospitals. Emerg Infect Dis. 1999;5:9–17
  18. Gaynes R, Edwards JR. Overview of nosocomial infections caused by gram-negative bacilli. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41:848–854
  19. Klevens RM, Morrison MA, Nadle J, et al. Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States. JAMA. 2007;298:1763–1771
  20. Robicsek A, Beaumont JL, Paule SM, Hacek DM, Thomson RB, Kaul KL, et al. Universal surveillance for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in 3 affiliated hospitals. Ann Intern Med. 2008;148:409–418
  21. Harbarth S, Fankhauser C, Schrenzel J, Christenson J, Gervaz P, Bandiera-Clerc C, et al. Universal screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission and nosocomial infection in surgical patients. JAMA. 2008;299:1149–1157
  22. Mangram AJ, Horan TC, Pearson ML, Silver LC, Jarvis WR. Guideline for prevention of surgical site infection, 1999. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Hospital Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee. Am J Infect Control. 1999;27:97–134
  23. Kusachi S, Sumiyama Y, Nagao J, Arima Y, Yoshida Y, Tanaka H, et al. Prophylactic antibiotics given within 24 hours of surgery, compared with antibiotics given for 72 hours perioperatively, increased the rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from surgical site infections. J Infect Chemother. 2008;14:44–50
  24. Kaye KS, Anderson DJ, Choi Y, Link K, Thacker P, Sexton DJ. The deadly toll of invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection in community hospitals. Clin Infect Dis. 2008;46:1568–1577

 Conflicts of interest: Dr. Weigelt is an advisory board member, on the speaker's bureau, received research support from OMJUS; Dr. Lipsky is an advisory board member and has received research support from OMJUS; Dr. Kim is a current employee of OMJUS; Ms. Derby and Drs. Tabak and Gupta are currently employees of Cardinal Health, Inc. Dr. Lipsky is an employee of the US Government. This paper does not represent the views of the US Government.

PII: S0196-6553(09)00747-0

doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.06.010

AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 38, Issue 2 , Pages 112-120 , March 2010

Article Tools

* Image Usage & Resolution