AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 38, Issue 1 , Pages 9-17 , February 2010

Evaluation of the survivability of MS2 viral aerosols deposited on filtering face piece respirator samples incorporating antimicrobial technologies

  • Samy Rengasamy

      Affiliations

    • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
  • ,
  • Edward Fisher, MS

      Affiliations

    • EG&G Technical Services, Inc, Pittsburgh, PA
  • ,
  • Ronald E. Shaffer, PhD

      Affiliations

    • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, Pittsburgh, PA
    • Corresponding Author InformationAddress correspondence to Ronald E. Shaffer, PhD, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory, 626 Cochrans Mill Rd, PO Box 18070, Pittsburgh, PA 15236.

References 

  1. CDC. Interim domestic guidance on the use of respirators to prevent the transmission of SARS. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Services, Tuberculosis Control Division, Atlanta, Georgia,. 2003;
  2. CDC. Interim recommendations for the selection and use of protective clothing and respirators against biological agents. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Department of Health and Human Services, Tuberculosis Control Division, Atlanta, Georgia,. 2004;
  3. Hota B. Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection?. Clin Infect Dis. 2004;39:1182–1189
  4. Boone SA, Gerba CP. Significance of fomites in the spread of respiratory and enteric viral disease. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:1687–1696
  5. Baker J, Stevens D, Bloomfield SF. Spread and prevention of some common viral infections in community facilities and domestic homes. J Appl Microbiol. 2001;91:7–21
  6. Brosseau LM, McCullough NV, Vesley D. Bacterial survival on respirator and filters and surgical masks. J Am Biol Safety Assoc. 1997;2:32–43
  7. Johnson B, Winters DR, Shreeve TR, Coffey CC. Respirator filter reuse test using the laboratory simulant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (H37RA strain). J Am Biol Safety Assoc. 1998;3:105–116
  8. Reponen TA, Wang Z, Willeke K, Grinshpun SA. Survival of mycobacteria on N95 personal respirators. Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol. 1999;20:237–241
  9. Pasanen AL, Keinanen J, Kalliokoski P, Martikainen PI, Ruuskanen J. Microbial growth on respirator filters from improper storage. Scand J Work Environ Health. 1993;19:421–425
  10. Rengasamy A, Zhuang Z. Berry Ann R. Respiratory protection against bioaerosols: literature review and research needs. Am J Infect Control. 2004;32:345–354
  11. Casanova L, Alfano-Sobsey E, Rutala WA, Weber DJ, Sobsey M. Virus transfer from personal protective equipment to healthcare employees' skin and clothing. Emerg Infect Dis. 2008;14:1291–1293
  12. Gwaltney JM, Hendley JO. Transmission of experimental rhinovirus infection by contaminated surfaces. Am J Epidemiol. 1982;116:828–833
  13. Gwaltney JM, Moskalski PB, Hendley JO. Hand-to-hand transmission of rhinovirus colds. Ann Intern Med. 1978;88:463–467
  14. Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HHJ. Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces. J Infect Dis. 1982;146:47–51
  15. Institute of Medicine. Preparing for an influenza pandemic: personal protective equipment for healthcare workers. In:  Goldfrank LR,  Liverman CT editor. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (U.S.); 2007;
  16. Institute of Medicine. Reusability of facemasks during an influenza pandemic: facing the flu. Committee on the Development of Reusable Facemasks for Use During an Influenza Pandemic, Institute of Medicine (U.S.). Board on Health Sciences Policy. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (U.S.); 2006;
  17. Li Y, Leung P, Yao L, Song QW, Newton E. Antimicrobial effect of surgical masks coated with nanoparticles. J Hosp Infect. 2006;62:58–63
  18. Lee JH, Wu CY, Wysocki KM, Farrah S, Wander J. Efficacy of iodine-treated biocidal filter media against bacterial spore aerosols. J Appl Microbiol. 2008;105:1318–1326
  19. Ratnesar-Shumate S, Wu C-Y, Wander J, Lundgren D, Farrah S, Lee J-H, et al. Evaluation of physical capture efficiency and disinfection capability of an iodinated biocidal filter medium. Aerosol Air Qual Res. 2008;8:1–18
  20. Heimbuch BK, Laventure G, McDonald R, Burr E, Proudfoot E, Wander J: Antimicrobial efficiency of iodinated individual protection filters. Report for U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Tyndall Air Force Base Contract No. AFRL-ML-TY-TP-2004-4561, Panama City, Florida. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory; 2004.
  21. Heimbuch BK, Wander J: Bioaerosol challenges to antimicrobial surface treatments: Enhanced filter efficacy against MS2 coli phage of air filter media coated with polystyrene-4-methyltrimethylammonium triiodide. Report for U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory Tyndall Air Force Base Contract No. AFRL-ML-TY-TP-2006-4527, Panama City, Florida. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory; 2006.
  22. Eninger RM, Adhikari A, Reponen T, Grinshpun SA. Differentiating between physical and viable penetrations when challenging respirator filters with bioaerosols. Clean--Soil, Air, Water. 2008;36:615–621
  23. Lee JH, Wu CY, Lee CN, Anwar D, Wysocki KM, Lundgren DA, et al. Assessment of iodine-treated filter media for removal and inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage aerosols. J Appl Microbiol. 2009;DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04375.x
  24. Lala NL, Ramaseshan R, Bojun L, Sundarrajan S, Barhate RS, Ying-Jun L, et al. Fabrication of nanofibers with antimicrobial functionality used as filters: protection against bacterial contaminants. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2007;97:1357–1365
  25. Yoon KY, Byeon JH, Park CW, Hwang J. Antimicrobial effect of silver particles on bacterial contamination of activated carbon fibers. Environ Sci Technol. 2008;42:1251–1255
  26. Prugh A, Calomiris JJ: Inactivation of Bacillus anthracis spores delivered as liquid suspension or aerosol to self-decontaminating fabric. Air Force Research Laboratory Human Effectiveness Directorate Biosciences and Protection Division Counter-Proliferation Branch Contract No. AFRL-HE-WP-TP-2006-0060, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland. U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory; 2006.
  27. Fisher E, Rengasamy S, Viscusi DJ, Vo E, Shaffer RE. Development of a test system to apply virus containing particles to air permeable materials for the evaluation of decontamination procedures for filtering facepiece respirators. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75:1500–1507
  28. Woolwine JD, Gerberding JL. Effect of testing method on apparent activities of antiviral disinfectants and antiseptics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1995;39:921–923
  29. Dubovi EJ, Akers TG. Airborne stability of tailless bacterial viruses S-13 and MS-2. Appl Microbiol. 1970;19:624–628
  30. Trouwborst T, De Jong JC. Interaction of some factors in the mechanism of inactivation of bacteriophage MS2 in aerosols. Appl Microbiol. 1973;26:252–257
  31. Thiessen RJ. Filtration of respired gases: theoretical aspects. Respir Care Clin. 2006;12:183–201
  32. Rutala WA, Weber DJ. Registration of disinfectants based on relative microbicidal activity. Am J Infect Control. 2004;25:333–341
  33. Schaffer FL, Soergel ME, Straube DC. Survival of airborne influenza virus: effects of propagating host, relative humidity, and composition of spray fluids. Arch Virol. 1976;51:263–273
  34. Lowen AC, Mubareka S, Steel J, Palese P. Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature. PLoS Pathog. 2007;3:1470–1476
  35. Alvarez ME, O'Brien RT. Mechanisms of inactivation of poliovirus by chlorine dioxide and iodine. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1982;44:1064–1071
  36. Brion GM, Silverstein J. Iodine disinfection of a model bacteriophage, MS2, demonstrating apparent rebound. Water Res. 1999;33:169–179
  37. Li CH, Lyons WR, Simpson ME, Evans HM. Inactivation of pituitary lactogenic hormone by iodine. Science. 1940;91:530–531
  38. Tennen R, Setlow B, Davis KL, Loshon CA, Setlow P. Mechanisms of killing of spores of Bacillus subtilis by iodine, glutaraldehyde and nitrous acid. J Appl Microbiol. 2000;89:330–338
  39. Pal A, Min X, Yu LE, Pehkonen Ray MB. Photocatalytic inactivation of bioaerosols by TiO2 coated membrane. Int J Chem Reactor Eng. 2005;3:A45
  40. Kuhn KP, Chaberney IF, Massholder K, Stickler M, Benz VW, Sonntag H-G, et al. Disinfection of surfaces by photocatalytic oxidation with titanium dioxide and UVA light. Chemosphere. 2003;53:71–77
  41. Tseng C-C, Li CS. Inactivation of virus-containing aerosols by ultraviolet germicidal irradiation. Aero Sci Tech. 2005;39:1136–1142
  42. McDevitt JJ, Lai KM, Rudnick SN, Houseman EA, First MW, Milton DK. Characterization of UVC light sensitivity of vaccinia virus. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2007;73:5760–5766
  43. Nunomura A, Honda K, Takeda A, Hirai K, Zhu X, Smith MA, et al. Oxidative damage to RNA in neurodegenerative diseases. J Biomed Biotech. 2006;2006:1–6
  44. Tseng C-C, Li C-S. Ozone for inactivation of aerosolized bacteriophages. J Aero Sci Tech. 2006;40:683–689
  45. Butkus MA, Labare MP, Starke JA, Moon K, Talbot M. Use of aqueous silver to enhance inactivation of coliphage MS-2 by UV disinfection. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2004;70:2848–2853
  46. Park H-J, Kim YY, Kim J, Lee J-H, Hahn J-S, Gu MB, et al. Silver-ion-mediated reactive oxygen species generation affecting bacterial activity. Water Res. 2009;43:1027–1032
  47. Shimizu F, Shimizu Y, Kumagai K. Specific inactivation of herpes simplex virus by silver nitrate at low concentrations and biological activities of the inactivated virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1976;10:57–63

 Supported by NIOSH funding CAN No. 921 Z6PT.

 Mention of commercial product or trade name does not constitute endorsement by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. The findings and conclusions of this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the views of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

 Conflicts of interest: None to report.

PII: S0196-6553(09)00827-X

doi: 10.1016/j.ajic.2009.08.006

AJIC: American Journal of Infection Control
Volume 38, Issue 1 , Pages 9-17 , February 2010