A close look at alcohol gel as an antimicrobial sanitizing agent

References 

1. Larson E. A causal link between handwashing and risk of infection?. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1988;9:28–36
2. Bryan JL, Cohran J, Larson EL. Handwashing: a ritual revisited. In:  Rutala WA editors. Chemical germicides in health care. Washington (DC): Association for Professionals Infection Control and Epidemiology; 1995;p. 163–178 211-9
3. Platt R, Goldmann DA, Hopkins CC. Epidemiology of nosocomial infections. In:  Gorbach SL,  Bartlett JG,  Blacklow NR editor. Infectious diseases. Philadelphia: : WB Saunders Co; 1992;p. 96–106
4. Beck-Sague C, Davis WR. The epidemiology and prevention of nosocomial infections. In:  Block SS editors. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Philadelphia: : Lea & Fegier; 1991;p. 663–675
5. Wakefield DS. Understanding the cost of nosocomial infections. In:  Wenzel RP editors. Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1993;p. 21–41
6. Nettleman MD. The global impact of infection control. In:  Wenzel RP editors. Prevention and control of nosocomial infections. Baltimore: : Williams & Wilkins; 1993;p. 13–20
7. Doebbeling BN, Stanley GL, Sheetz CT, et al.  Comparative efficacy of alternative hand-washing agents in reducing nosocomial infections in intensive care units. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:88–93
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
8. Goldmann D, Larson E. Hand-washing and nosocomial infections. N Engl J Med. 1992;327:120–122
   • MEDLINE
   • CrossRef
9. Paulson DS. A broad-based approach to evaluating topical antimicrobial products. In:  Asenzi JM editors. Handbook of disinfectants and antiseptics. New York: : Marcel-Dekker; 1996;p. 17–33
10. 21 CFR Sect 333.470 (1994).
11. Paulson DS. Evaluation of three handwash modalities commonly employed in the food industry. Dairy Food Environ Sanitation. 1992;12:615–618
12. Paulson DS. Evaluation of three microorganism recovery procedures used to determine handwash efficacy. Dairy Food Environ Sanitation. 1993;13:520–523
13. Maner F, Rotter M, Mittermayer H. Comparative investigation on recovering bacteria from artificially contaminated hands. Zentralbl Bakteriol [Orig B]. 1975;160:412–431
    • MEDLINE
14. Rotter M, Wewalka G, Koller W. Influence of some variables on the results of evaluations of procedures for hygienic hand disinfection. Hyg Med. 1982;7:157–166
15. Larson EL. APIC guideline for handwashing and hand antisepsis in health care settings. AJIC Am J Infect Control. 1995;23:251–269
16. Dixon WJ, Massy FJ. Introduction to statistical analysis. In: 4th ed. New York: : McGraw-Hill; 1983;p. 131–133
17. Gibbons JD, Olkin I, Sobel M. Selecting and ordering populations. In: New York: : John Wiley; 1977;p. 14–57
18. Velleman PF, Hoaglin DC. Applications, basics and computing of exploratory data analysis. In: Boston: : Duxbury; 1981;p. 3–121
19. Larson EL, Morton HE. Alcohols. In:  Block SS editors. Disinfection, sterilization, and preservation. Philadelphia: : Lea & Febiger; 1991;p. 191–203
20. Newman JL, Seitz JC. Intermittent use of an antimicrobial hand gel for reducing soap irritation of health care personnel. In: AJIC Am J Infect Control. 18:1990;p. 194–200
21. Health Care Personnel Handwash Procedure, 21 CFR Part 333.470 (1994).