Advertisement
Major article| Volume 41, ISSUE 10, P912-915, October 2013

Microbial contamination of hospital reusable cleaning towels

Published:March 25, 2013DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2013.01.015

      Background

      Hospital cleaning practices are critical to the prevention of nosocomial infection transmission. To this end, cloth towels soaked in disinfectants are commonly used to clean and disinfect hospital surfaces. Cloth cleaning towels have been linked to an outbreak of Bacillus cereus and have been shown to reduce the effectiveness of commonly used quaternary ammonium disinfectants. Thus, it is important to determine whether the reuse of cloth towels increases the risk of pathogen transmission in hospitals.

      Methods

      The goal of this project was to determine the effects of laundry and cleaning practices commonly used in hospitals for washing, storage, and disinfection of cloth cleaning towels on their microbial loads.

      Results

      Our results indicate that cloth towels used for cleaning hospital rooms contained high numbers of microbial contaminants.

      Conclusions

      In this case, hospital laundering practices appear insufficient to remove microbial contaminants and may even add contaminants to the towels. Furthermore, it has been previously reported that towels can interfere with the action of common hospital disinfectants. Either independently or in combination, these 2 factors may increase the risk for transmission of pathogens in hospitals. These observations indicate the need to critically reevaluate current hospital cleaning practices associated with reuse of cloth towels.

      Key Words

      To read this article in full you will need to make a payment

      Purchase one-time access:

      Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online access
      One-time access price info
      • For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
      • For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'

      Subscribe:

      Subscribe to American Journal of Infection Control
      Already a print subscriber? Claim online access
      Already an online subscriber? Sign in
      Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect

      References

        • Dohmae S.
        • Okubo T.
        • Higuchi W.
        • Takano T.
        • Isobe H.
        • Baranovich T.
        • et al.
        Bacillus cereus nosocomial infection from reused towels in Japan.
        J Hosp Infect. 2009; 69: 361-367
        • Olier A.R.
        • Mitchell A.
        Staphylococcus recovery from cotton towels.
        J Infect Developing Countries. 2009; 3: 224-228
        • Neely A.N.
        • Maley M.P.
        Survival of enterococci and staphylococci on hospital fabrics and plastic.
        J Clin Microbiol. 2000; 38: 724-726
        • Takei Y.
        • Yokoyama K.
        • Katano H.
        • Tsukiji M.
        • Ezaki T.
        Molecular epidemiological analysis of methicillin-resistant staphylococci in a neonatal intensive care unit.
        Biocontrol Sci. 2010; 15: 129-136
        • Sardan Y.C.
        • Zarakolu P.
        • Altun B.
        • Yildirim A.
        • Yildirim G.
        • Hascelik G.
        • et al.
        A cluster of nosocomial Klebsiella oxytoca bloodstream infections in a university hospital.
        Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2004; 25: 878-882
        • Pfaller A.M.
        • Jones R.N.
        • Doern G.V.
        • Kugler K.
        Bacterial pathogens isolated from patients with bloodstream infection: frequencies of occurrence and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns from the SCENTRY anti-microbial surveillance program.
        Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1998; 42: 1762-1770
        • Gales A.C.
        • Bolmstrom A.
        • Sampaio J.
        • Jones R.N.
        • Sader H.S.
        Antimicrobial susceptibility of Klebsiella pneumoniae–producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) isolated in hospitals in Brazil.
        Braz J Infect Dis. 1997; 4: 196-203
        • Marra A.R.
        • Wey S.B.
        • Castelo A.
        • Gales A.C.
        • Cal R.G.R.
        • Do Carmo Filho J.R.
        • et al.
        Nosocomial bloodstream infections caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae: impact of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production on clinical outcome in a hospital with high ESBL prevalence.
        BMC Infect Dis. 2006; 6: 24-32
        • Schulz-Stubner S.
        • Kniehl E.
        Transmission of extended-spectrum β-lactamase Klebsiella oxytoca via the breathing circuit of a transport ventilator: root cause analysis and infection control recommendations.
        Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2011; 32: 828-829
        • Zarate M.S.
        • Gales A.C.
        • Picao R.C.
        • Pujol G.S.
        • Lanza A.
        • Smayevsky J.
        Outbreak of OXY-2–producing Klebsiella oxytoca in a renal transplant unit.
        J Clin Microbiol. 2008; 46: 2099-2101
        • Lowe C.
        • Willey B.
        • O’Shaughnessy A.
        • Lee W.
        • Lum M.
        • Pike K.
        • et al.
        Outbreak of extended-spectrum β-lactamase–producing Klebsiella oxytoca infections associated with contaminated handwashing sinks.
        Emerg Infect Dis. 2012; 18: 1242-1247
        • Dalamaga M.
        • Karmaniolas K.
        • Chavelas C.
        • Liatis S.
        • Matekovits H.
        • Migdalis I.
        Pseudomonas luteola cutaneous abscess and bacteraemia in a previously healthy man.
        Scand J Infect Dis. 2004; 36: 495-497
        • Berg G.
        Diversity of antifungal and plant-associated Serratia plymuthica strains.
        J Appl Microbiol. 2000; 88: 952-960
        • Domingo D.
        • Limia A.
        • Alarcon T.
        • Sanz J.C.
        • Del Rey M.C.
        • López-Brea M.
        Nosocomial septicemia caused by Serratia plymuthica.
        J Clin Microbiol. 1994; 32: 575-577
        • Martinez J.
        • Carrascosa M.
        Shock septico por Serratia plymuthica.
        Enferm Infec Microbiol Clin. 1997; 15: 114-115
        • Reina J.
        • Borell N.
        • Lompart I.
        Community-acquired bacteremia caused by Serratia plymuthica.
        Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis. 1992; 15: 449-452
        • Liberto M.C.
        • Matera G.
        • Puccio R.
        • Russo T.L.
        • Colosimo E.
        • Foca E.
        Six cases of sepsis caused by Pantoea agglomerans in a teaching hospital.
        New Microbiol. 2009; 32: 119-123
        • Cheng N.C.
        • Horng S.Y.
        • Chang S.C.
        • Tang B.Y.
        Nosocomial infection of Aeromonas hydrophila presenting as necrotizing fasciitis.
        J Formos Med Assoc. 2004; 103: 53-57
        • Peces R.
        • Gago E.
        • Tejada F.
        • Laures A.S.
        • Alvarez-Grande J.
        Relapsing bacteraemia due to Micrococcus luteus in a haemodialysis patient with a Perm-Cath catheter.
        Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1997; 12: 2428-2429
        • Bergen L.K.
        • Meyer M.
        • Hog M.
        • Rubenhagen B.
        • Andersen L.P.
        Spread of bacteria on surfaces when cleaning with microfiber cloths.
        J Hosp Infect. 2009; 71: 132-137
        • Diab-Elschahawi M.
        • Assadian O.
        • Blackly A.
        • Stadler M.
        • Pernicka E.
        • Berger J.
        • et al.
        Evaluation of decontamination efficacy of new and reprocessed microfiber cleaning cloth compared with other commonly used cleaning cloths in the hospital.
        Am J Infect Control. 2010; 38: 289-292