Highlights
- •Global & national AMR actions focus on infection prevention in healthcare settings.
- •Home & everyday life settings contribute to acquiring & spreading AMR pathogens.
- •Targeted hygiene protects against infections, reducing antibiotic prescribing. • Targeted hygiene helps to minimize selection pressure for AMR development globally.
- •Reducing AMR requires greater focus on targeted hygiene in the home & community.
Key Words
World Health Organization. Antibiotic resistance: key facts. 2018. Available at:https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/antibiotic-resistance. Accessed June 17, 2019.
O'Neil J. Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling drug-resistant infections globally. 2014. Available at:https://amr-review.org/Publications.html. Accessed May 11, 2020.
The World Bank/International Bank for Reconstruction and Development. Drug-resistant infections: a threat to our economic future. 2017. Available at:https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/health/publication/drug-resistant-infections-a-threat-to-our-economicfuture. Accessed July 1, 2019.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Antibiotic prescribing and use in doctor's offices: measuring outpatient antibiotic prescribing. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/antibioticuse/community/programs-measurement/measuring-antibiotic-prescribing.html#f10. Accessed November 7, 2019.
Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Stemming the superbug tide: just a few dollars more. Policy Brief. Available at:https://www.oecd.org/health/stemming-the-superbug-tide9789264307599-en.htm. Accessed July 2, 2019.
O'Neil J. Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling drug-resistant infections globally. 2014. Available at:https://amr-review.org/Publications.html. Accessed May 11, 2020.
O'Neil J. Review on antimicrobial resistance: tackling drug-resistant infections globally. 2014. Available at:https://amr-review.org/Publications.html. Accessed May 11, 2020.
World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 2015. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at:https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/en/. Accessed June 18, 2019.
World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 2015. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at:https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/en/. Accessed June 18, 2019.
World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 2015. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at:https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/en/. Accessed June 18, 2019.
World Health Organization. Seventy-second World Health Assembly. Provisional agenda item 11.8. 2019. Available at:http://apps.who.int/gb/ebwha/pdf_files/WHA72/A72_18-en.pdf. Accessed June 19, 2019.
Department of Health and Social Care. UK 20-year vision for antimicrobial resistance. 2019. Available at:https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/uk-20-year-vision-for-antimicrobial-resistance. Accessed September 20, 2019.
Department of Health and Social Care. UK 5-year action plan for antimicrobial resistance 2019 to 2024. (Online). 2019. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/784894/UK_AMR_5_year_national_action_plan.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2019.
Department of Health and Social Care. UK 5-year action plan for antimicrobial resistance 2019 to 2024. (Online). 2019. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/784894/UK_AMR_5_year_national_action_plan.pdf. Accessed September 20, 2019.
Importance of the home and everyday life settings in the spread of infection
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.

International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
Public Health England. Year 4 report. A microbiological survey of Campylobacter contamination in fresh while UK-produced chilled chickens at retail sale. 2019. Available at:https://www.food.gov.uk/research/foodborne-diseases/a-microbiological-survey-of-campylobactercontamination-in-fresh-whole-uk-produced-chilled-chickens-at-retail-sale-y234. Accessed September 24, 2019.
AMR bacteria in the home and community environments
Rocourt J, Boy G, Vierk K, Schlundt J. The present state of food borne disease in OECD countries. Available at: www.who.int/foodsafety/publications/foodborne-disease/oecdfbd.pdf. Accessed May 11, 2020.
- Gordts B
- Claeys K
- Jannes H
- Van Landuyt HW
- Endtz HP
- van den Braak N
- van Belkum A
- et al.
- Bogaard A
- London N
- Driessen C
- Stobberingh E
The role of targeted home and everyday life hygiene in tackling antibiotic resistance
- Scott E
- Bloomfield SF.
What is targeted hygiene?
Royal Society for Public Health. Too clean or not too clean? The case for targeted hygiene in the home and everyday life. 2019. Available at: https://www.rsph.org.uk/our-work/policy/infectioncontrol/too-clean-or-not-too-clean.html. Accessed July 2, 2019.
Royal Society for Public Health. RSPH calls for clean up of public attitudes to hygiene. 2019. Available at: https://www.rsph.org.uk/about-us/news/rsph-calls-for-clean-up-of-public-attitudes-to-hygiene.html. Accessed November 8, 2019.
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.

International Scientific Forum on Home Hygiene. Containing the burden of infectious diseases is everyone's responsibility. 2018. Available at:https://www.ifh-homehygiene.org/sites/default/files/publications/IFH%20White%20Paper-10-18.pdf. Accessed April 6, 2020.
Breaking the chain of infection
Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment: Application for Water Safety Management.
Assessing the impact of hygiene on infection rates and antibiotic prescribing
Bronson-Lowe DL, Strazdas LA, Rawiel U, Orosz-Coghlan P, Gerba CP, Lebowitz MD. Antibiotic use in child care centers: the impact of an enhanced environmental hygiene intervention. Available at:https://cals.arizona.edu/sites/cals.arizona.edu.main/files/reports/Antibiotics%20use%20in%20daycare%20centers.pdf. Accessed June 19, 2019.
Could use of microbicides in the home and everyday life select for AMR and its dissemination?
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA issues final rule on safety and effectiveness of antibacterial soaps. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm517478.htm. 2016. Accessed August 9, 2019.
Maillard JY. Resistance of bacteria to biocides [e-pub ahead of print]. Microbiol Spectr.https://doi.org/10.1128/microbiolspec.ARBA-0006-2017. Accessed May 11, 2020
The need for targeted hygiene in low- and middle-income countries
Atlas of Sustainable Development Goals 2017.
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Water Assessment Programme. The United Nations World Water Development Report 2019: Leaving No One Behind. Paris, UNESCO. Available at: https://www.unwater.org/publications/world-water-development-report-2019//. Accessed 27 September 2019.
Progress on Drinking Water, Sanitation and Hygiene: 2017 Update and SDG Baselines.
Conclusions
References
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World Health Organization. Global action plan on antimicrobial resistance. 2015. Geneva, Switzerland. Available at:https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/en/. Accessed June 18, 2019.
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Article info
Publication history
Footnotes
Conflicts of interest: Professor Jean-Yves Maillard is the Director for Biocide Consult Ltd.
Professor Essack is Chairperson of the Global Respiratory Infection Partnership, sponsored by an unrestricted educational grant from Reckitt and Benckiser, UK.
Professor Charles P. has received payments from the following companies for consultancy, advisory boards and grants: Allied Biosciences, Clorox, Ecolab, Georgia Pacific, GOJO Industries, Guest Services, Kimberly Clark, Kohler, Proctor and Gamble, Purethread, Reckitt Benckiser, and Unilever India.
Joseph R. Rubino holds the position of R&D Shared Services Director, RB Inc., Germ Protection, and Personal Care.
Disclosures: The development of this position paper was supported by an educational grant from Reckitt Benckiser who funded the activity of the Global Hygiene Council. Medical writing support was provided by the medical communications agency, Spink, which runs the secretariat for the GHC.
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