Highlights
- •Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes a fatal and invasive form of the disease.
- •Healthcare Workers (HCWs) are at greater risk of colonization with MRSA.
- •HCWs cause transmission of MRSA within a hospital setting.
- •Prevalence of MRSA carriage among HCWs is slightly higher in South Asia than in European and American Nation.
- •Our study summarized the overall MRSA carriage rate of 9.23% (95%CI; 6.50%, 12.35%) among HCWs in SAARC nations, with nurses having higher odds of getting infected.
Background
Methodology
Results
Conclusion
Graphical Abstract

Key Words
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to American Journal of Infection ControlReferences
- Methicillin-resistant staphylococci.J Clin Pathol. 1961; 14: 385-393
- Growing clinical significance of methcillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Lancet (London, England). 1968; 2: 741-744
- National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (NNIS) system report, data summary from January 1992 through June 2004, issued October 2004.Am J Infect Cont. 2004; 32: 470-485
- Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis.J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2008; 61
- Increasing incidence and widespread dissemination of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospitals in central Europe, with special reference to German hospitals.).Clin Microbiol Infect. 1997; 3: 414-422
- Invasive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in the United States.Jama. 2007; 298: 1763-1771
- Nosocomial bloodstream infections in US hospitals: analysis of 24,179 cases from a prospective nationwide surveillance study.Clin Infectious Dis. 2004; 39: 309-317
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and long-term care facilities: microbiology, epidemiology, and preventive measures.Infect Contr Hospital Epidemiol. 1992; 13: 725-737
- Changes in the epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in intensive care units in US hospitals, 1992-2003.Clin Infect Dis. 2006; 42: 389-391
- Comparison of mortality associated with methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: a meta-analysis.Clin Infectious Dis. 2003; 36: 53-59
- Estimating the disease burden of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Japan: retrospective database study of Japanese hospitals.PLoS One. 2017; 12e0179767
- Methicillin-resistant <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em>in rural Asia.Lancet Infect Dis. 2006; 6: 70-71
- Carriage and genetic diversity of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among patients and healthcare workers in a Serbian university hospital.PLoS One. 2015; 10e0127347
- Intestinal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus: how does its frequency compare with that of nasal carriage and what is its clinical impact?.Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis Off Publ Eur Soc Clin Microbiol. 2009; 28: 115-127
- Health-care workers: source, vector, or victim of MRSA?.Lan Infect Dis. 2008; 8: 289-301
- The risk of infection after nasal colonization with Staphylococcus Aureus.Am J Med. 2008; 121: 310-315
- Decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus during routine hospital care: efficacy and long-term follow-up.Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol. 2010; 21: 38-44
- The progressive intercontinental spread of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Clin Infect Dis. 1997; 24: S74-SS9
- Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at a tertiary care hospital in Western Nepal.Antimicrobial Resistance Infection Control. 2015; 4: 1-5
- How often do asymptomatic healthcare workers cause methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks? A systematic evaluation.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27: 1123-1127
- Should healthcare workers be screened routinely for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus? A review of the evidence.J Hosp Infect. 2011; 77: 285-289
- Involvement of occupational physicians in the management of MRSA-colonised healthcare workers in Germany - a survey.J Occup Med Toxicol. 2013; 8: 16
- Hospital-associated MRSA and antibiotic resistance—what have we learned from genomics?.Int J Med Microbiol. 2013; 303: 318-323
World Health Organization Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance. Accessed August 7, 2017. https://www.who.int/antimicrobial-resistance/global-action-plan/en/.
- PRISMA statement.Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass). 2011; 22: 128
- Joanna Briggs Institute Reviewers’ Manual. Edition.2014 (2014)
- Understanding interobserver agreement: the kappa statistic.Fam Med. 2005; 37: 360-363
- A basic introduction to fixed-effect and random-effects models for meta-analysis.Res Synth Methods [Internet]. 2010; 1: 97-111
- Transformations related to the angular and the square root.Ann Mathemat Stat. 1950; : 607-611
- The combination of estimates from different experiments.Biometrics. 1954; 10: 101-129
- Quantifying heterogeneity in a meta-analysis.Stat Med. 2002; 21: 1539-1558
- Bias in meta-analysis detected by a simple, graphical test.BMJ [Internet]. 1997; 315: 629-634
- Nasal carriage of Methicillin- and Mupirocin-resistant S. aureus among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital.J Res Pharm Pract [Internet]. 2015; 4: 182-186
- Nasal carriage of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at tertiary care hospital in dhaka.Bangladesh J Med Microbiol. 2017; 11: 17-19
- Nasal carriage of staphylococci in health care workers: antimicrobial susceptibility profile.Pak J Pharm Sci. 2008 Jul; 21: 290-294
- Evaluation of antibiotic resistance pattern in clinical isolates of Staphylococcus aureus.Pak J Pharm Sci. 2019; 32 (4(Supplementary)): 1749-1753
- The relationship between the exposure to healthcare settings and colonization with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among medical students.Germs. 2020; 10: 34
- Nasal carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Kathmandu, Nepal.J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2017 Jan; 15: 26-30
- (IMSEAR. Accessed June 30, 2022)
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus among nurses in a tertiary care hospital in northern Sri Lanka.Ceylon Med J. 2014; 59
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus Carriage among the Health Care Workers in a Tertiary Care Hospital.J Clin Diagnostic Res. 2012; 6: 791-793
- Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers among patients and health care workers of a tertiary care hospital in south India.Indian J Med Microbiol. 2009; 27: 62-64
- Prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals of Kathmandu valley.Nepal J Sci Technol. 2012; 13: 185-190
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage among health-care professionals of a tertiary care hospital.Asian J Pharm Clin Res [Internet]. 2018; 11: 346-349
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriers among laboratory technical staff of tertiary hospital in Eastern Nepal.Kathmandu Univ Med J. 2020; 69: 3-8
- Prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriage amongst health care workers of critical care units in Kasturba Medical College Hospital, Mangalore, India.J Clin diagnostic Res JCDR. 2013; 7: 2697
- Screening for methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carriers among individuals exposed and not exposed to the hospital environment and their antimicrobial sensitivity pattern.Ann Trop Med Public Heal [Internet]. 2014; 7: 19-24
- The prevalence of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among healthcare workers at a tertiary care hospital in Assam with special reference to MRSA.J Clin diagnostic Res JCDR. 2013; 7: 257
- Nasal carriage of highly resistant methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) strains by hospital staff in Hazara region of Pakistan.JPMA J Pakistan Med Assoc. 2021; 71(1 (A)): 47-50
- Nasal carriage rate of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) among Civil Hospital health care workers.Int J Med Public Heal. 2016; 6: 180-183
- Frequency of nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus among health care workers at a Tertiary Care Hospital.Pakistan J Med Sci. 2018; 34: 1181
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in health care workers of a Tertiary Care Infectious Disease Hospital in Nepal.Tribhuvan Univ J Microbiol. 2020; 7: 19-30
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus contamination of hands and mobile phones of health care workers in a health care setting: a silent threat.J Gandaki Med Coll. 2019; 12: 32-39
- Staphylococcus aureus including MRSA nasal carriage among hospital exposed and unexposed medical students.J Family Med Primary Care. 2020; 9: 4936
- Effect of ablution on Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) nasal colonisation in healthcare workers.JPMA J Pakistan Med Assoc. 2021; 71: 1472-1475
- Is acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus—An occupational hazard for medical students in India?.Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2017; 10: 141
- Antimicrobial resistance profile of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonizing the anterior nares of health-care workers and outpatients attending the remotely located tertiary care hospital of North India.J Lab Physicians. 2017; 9: 317
- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage among health care workers in a tertiary care hospital in Bhubaneswar.Int J Commun Med Public Heal. 2018; 5
- Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among health-care workers at a tertiary care hospital in Northern India.Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2019; 8 ([cited December 01, 2020]): 827-832
- Carrier status of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).J Rawalpindi Med Coll. 2017; 21: 244-247
- Screening health care personnel for detection of methicillin resistant of Staphylococcus aureus carrier state at a tertiary care hospital in Mysore.IJPSI. 2013; 2: 12-15
- Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal carriage among health-care workers: decolonization and ollow-up study conducted in a tertiary care hospital.J Hum Heal. 2015; 1: 16
- Nasal carriage of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among surgical unit staff.Jpn J Infect Dis. 2009; 62: 228-229
- Prevalence of nasal carriage of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hospital personnel.Proceeding Shaikh Zayed Postgr Med Inst [Internet]. 2022; 15: 29-33
- MRSA carriage among healthcare workers in non-outbreak settings in Europe and the United States: a systematic review.BMC Infect Dis. 2014; 14: 363
Antibiotic resistance in the European Union. Accessed May 23, 2022.http://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/healthtopics/antimicrobial_resistance/database/Pages/database.aspx
- Vital signs: epidemiology and recent trends in methicillin-resistant and in methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus bloodstream infections—United States.Morbidity Mortality Weekly Rep. 2019; 68: 214
- Challenges in implementing antimicrobial stewardship programmes at secondary level hospitals in India: an exploratory study [Internet].Front Public Health. 2020; 8: 542
- Estimating time physicians and other health care workers spend with patients in an intensive care unit using a sensor network.Am J Med. 2018; 131: 972-9e9
- How often do asymptomatic healthcare workers cause methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks? A systematic evaluation.Infect Cont Hosp Epidemiol. 2006; 27 (Cambridge University Press): 1123-1127
- Horizontal gene transmission of the cfr gene to MRSA and Enterococcus: role of Staphylococcus epidermidis as a reservoir and alternative pathway for the spread of linezolid resistance.J Antimicrob Chemother [Internet]. 2016; 71: 587-592
- Agents for the decolonization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.Pharmacother J Human Pharmacol Drug Ther. 2009; 29: 263-280
- The next pandemic might be worse’: scientists are already fighting the next global superbug.Independent. 2020; (Accessed June 30, 2022)
Article info
Publication history
Footnotes
Conflicts of interest: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. The authors have no support or funding to report.